Reporter: Mr. Dennis
Mark A. Dela Cruz
Professor: Dr. Carmencita L. Castolo
CULTURAL, POLITICAL, ETHICAL, AND
ECONOMIC, CONTEXTS OF EDUCATION
In this
lesson, we should be able to:
- Discuss the Role of Ethical and
Economic Context of Education of developed and developing countries;
- Enumerate
the contribution of education to Economic Growth of selected countries;
and
- Practice
how to institute values and instill moral development to both staff and
trainees.
Role of Education in Promoting Human, Social, Economic, and Political Development and in Sustaining Economic Growth
Education is the basic building
block of every society. It is a fundamental human right, not a privilege of the
few. When we put #EducationFirst, we can reduce poverty & hunger, end
wasted potential, & look forward to stronger & better societies for
all” (globaleducationfirst.org).
Role of
Ethical and Moral Development in Education
|
Ethics- is a branch of philosophy that
attempts to help us understand which ways of life are worth following and which
actions are right or wrong.
-addresses questions of right and
wrong using reason rather than faith or tradition
·
Economic
and ethical development are viewed as complementary and highly integrated
activities.
·
The
institute values the influence of personal morality and seeks consciously to
cultivate it in both staff and trainees.
·
Integration
of economic development with the promotion of civic values is especially
critical in crafts training programme, as economic ventures may be crippled by
corruption or lack of trust.
·
Income-generating
skills can best be learned and used in a context of human dignity and honor, of
trustworthiness and mutual support.
Character
education- is a type
of instruction that focuses on values, such as honesty, responsibility,
respect,
caring, and fairness among
students.
-encourages schools to develop programs that emphasize
ethics and responsibility
- believe that “good character” can be formed through
teaching – setting of examples, practice in a
supportive community
- long term goal- development of a more responsible and
caring society
-
begins with establishment of core ethical values that form the basis for
instruction in
school and the community.
-values are integrated into school
activities and into the general lesson strategies of the teachers
-presented at any grade level
early grades-emphasizes
behavioral skills
later grades- topics
such as reducing
prejudice and
resolving conflicts
Service
learning-central
component of character education, students participate in programs that help
other
Moral
education- is
instruction focused on questions of right and wrong.
-also includes development of values, the standards
by which people judge what is important,
worthwhile, an good.
-sources – family, church, friends, and teachers-and even
television
-Schools involvement-intentional or unintentional, for
example, many stories for young readers
include
a moral lesson
-1970’s, US educators began to develop special teaching
methods to help students deal with moral
questions
Methods of
Moral education
Schools use
four methods in moral education:
- Inculcation
- Values clarification
- Moral development
- Value analysis
Comprehensive moral education - combination of these methods
Inculcation- is an effort to teach children the
values that educators believe lead to moral behavior.
-values include honesty, compassion, justice, and respect
for others
-one way of teaching is to provide praise and punishment
-another means is to have teachers reflect the desired
values in their own behavior
Values
clarification-helps
students develop their own values and moral standards by teaching them a
decision-making process.
-learning procedures stress setting goals, choosing
thoughtfully form alternatives, and acting on one’s
own convictions.
Moral
development-helps
improve their ability to judge moral questions.
-based on the theory that people progress from lower to
higher stages of moral reasoning.
-According to the theory, people progress from making
moral decisions based on self-interest, to
seeking the approval of others, to
following rules, to respecting the rights of others, and so on.
-At the highest moral level, an individual might oppose
the laws of society if they conflict with moral
principles that are even higher.
Educators
stimulate moral development primarily by having students difficult questions
called moral dilemmas.
Example:
“Should Heintz steal food to feed his starving family?”
Educators
also stimulate moral development by establishing just schools,
in which students govern themselves according to the principles of fairness
and justice.
Value
analysis- helps
students apply techniques of logic and scientific investigation to matters
involving
values.
-Teachers stress the importance of exploring all
alternatives, of gathering and evaluating the facts, and
of making a logical decision.
The Role
of Education in Promoting the Political Development of Africa
Some African
conflicts have to do with the way countries were created to suit the needs of
colonial powers.
-tribes were divided in order
to weaken them-regroup and led to border conflicts
-century old tribal
antagonisms resurfaced once colonial power left-one of the oldest modern armed
conflict in Africa and still going
on in Sudan due to cultural and religious differences
-Muslim North dominated political
and economic power, drawing its strength from ethnic Arabs
-South-populated by Black Africans
and mostly Christians has constantly been fighting to gain “respect”
-instances of slavery by the
North on the South
Peace is a
priority of Africa because of high crime rate, strikes, violence in all places
and the law enforcers are not visible in the streets.
-institutions play a meaningful role
in developing a culture of peace and redressing the present situation
-Higher Educational Institutions
and Universities, train young professionals and future leaders
through teaching programs.
-create knowledge through
research activities and provide community service outreach programs
-University-association of
the use of module related to peace is being observed
The different
levels of education, colleges and universities device school curricula and
address to local, regional and institutional issues and problems of peace
and human rights.
-Higher Educational
institutions in Africa (teaching research and programs) can assist in
developing a
culture of peace
-by ensuring that society
develops the right attitude of tolerance and understanding;
-society is free from
prejudices and misconceptions;
-society is well informed and that
it has the ability to critically, objectively and intelligently assess past
and present crises
*Universities
in Africa have embarked on peace programs.
Programmes aiming at the rapid
transfer of knowledge, supporting institutional development and establishing
centres of excellence in all areas of knowledge, in particular for peace
education, conflict resolution, human rights and democracy, should be supported
by institutions and by public and private donors (UNESCO World Conference on Higher
Education). Article 1 - Mission to educate, to train and to undertake
research (Missions and Functions of
Higher Education)
Role of
Education in Economic Development
Education is an essential tool for
achieving sustainability. People around the world recognize that current
economic development trends are not sustainable and that public awareness,
education, and training are key to moving society toward sustainability (esdtoolkit.org).
PA 21 envisions a better quality of
life for all Filipinos through the development of a just, moral and creative,
spiritual, economically vibrant, caring, diverse yet cohesive society
characterized by appropriate productivity, participatory and democratic
processes, and living in harmony and within the limits of the carrying capacity
of nature and the integrity of creation (pcsd.neda.gov.ph).
Role of
Education in Economic Development in Japan
The
contributions of education in achieving the modernization of the country since
the Meiji Restoration (1868), might be evaluated from various points of view.
Recently, the interests of countries abroad have been centered on the role of
education in achieving the economic development of Japan.
The first
point – was the
economic reconstruction after World War and the prosperity that followed in
Japan. ---remarkable recovery from the economic losses and spectacular economic
growth in Japan as well as in West Germany is deemed as the miracle in the
current world.
The first point stated that the
unexpectedly rapid revival from the socio-economic collapse following World
War, and the following prosperity in Japan resulted largely from the
accumulated efforts of pre-War education.
The second
point- is the fact
that Japan is included among such countries as Canada, West Germany, Israel,
U.S.S.R., and the U.S.A. which have achieved exceedingly rapid economic growth
through this century.
The second
points mentioned that Japanese education had successfully met the needs of
industries which had developed on the bases founded in an earlier period.
The third
point- is the
overcoming of disadvantages by the introduction and diffusion of a modern
educational system during the so called “take off” period.
Education in the early Meiji Era, as
the third point, supported the foundation on which the modern Japanese economic
system was created, rather than contributing directly to economic growth.
-diffusion of elementary education raised the quality of
the people’s skills, modernized their thought, and made it possible for them to
participate successfully in modern economic activities.
Japan now is
approaching the economic level of developed Western countries, despite
beginning modernization of society and industry later than the European
countries, her overcrowded population and her very scarce natural resources.
Like Japan in
Asia, Denmark in Europe is a country which overcame such disadvantages of
underdeveloped status, overcrowded population and scarcity of natural
resources.
-the common basis for the
economic development of Denmark and Japan has been the introduction of modern
educational system
-spread of general education to farm
families who constituted the major part of the labor force
beginning
period of modernization
*The role of
education in achieving economic development in this country is attributed to
the effort of the people who had restricted consumption and invested the
money thus saved in education.
*That the
rate of educational expenditures to national income in Japan was among the
highest in the world substantiates this statement.
Role of
Education in Promoting Social Developments and in Sustaining Economic Growth
Differences among nations play a big role in
their developments which is affected by several factors such as economic,
political and cultural. We are now an interconnected world.
Education
does not focus on the school community
alone but the larger communities of state, region, nation and whole world
With
expansion of internet usage, people directly relate to all multicultural and
global applications especially understanding and experiencing the global
society and its interrelatedness and interdependence.
The
Cultural Environment
Traditional Social Values and Success of China
-Chinese
culture plays an important part in their society and has great influence in
their educational system.
-Because of
the moral-political emphasis in achievement and education, people’s attitude
towards education had certain being self-disciplined and hardworking persons
with good characteristics such as loyalty, filial piety, and friendliness.
Traditional
Chinese society was composed of four estates of people:
1. Scholars
–were of the highest prestige
*to be a moral man was the most
important of all
*perfect gentleman who was
characterized by righteousness, observance of rites, and faithfulness
*everyone should strive to be a
moral man
*applied to education, the most
important function of education was to cultivate moral men
“Learning
is nothing else but the rediscovery of one’s virtuous conscience which has gone
astray.” -Mencius
2. Peasants
3. Artisans
4. Merchants
Japanese
Culture and Education
-Confucian
past continue to exercise considerable influence on Japan.
-Divided
into four estates:
1.
Samurais-ranked first, were privileged warriors
*spent their leisure in improving
themselves
*educated
*entered business to improve their
financial situation
2. Peasants
3. Artisans
4. Merchants
In official
schools, among the various subjects taught, martial arts and ethnics were of dominant
significance.
-Students were taught martial
arts, not only military skills.
-Students learned to develop the
hierarchical and personal relationship with their master, which was a
fore
state of the feudal lord-samurai relationship.
*Japan had
an exceedingly high rate of literacy that’s why it enjoyed technological
progress.
*It is
generally accepted that widespread literacy and education promote development.
Philippine
Culture, and Education
The Many Faces of the Filipino
|
Strengths
of the Filipino Character
|
Weaknesses
of the Filipino Character
|
Roots of
the Filipino Character
|
References/Bibliography
1. Castolo,
Carmencita L., Zenaida C. Santos and Severino A Espiritu. 2009.
Modules on MEM 647: Comparative Educational System: E-education Approach.p.122-132
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